Three Types of World Politics: Comparing Russian Deterrence, Chinese Interconnectivity and Turkish Diplomatic Initiatives

The great transformation in world politics during the 21st century is considered with a particular focus on the Western dominance vis-à-vis challenges and strategies adopted by emerging powers. This study aims to unravel the historical underpinnings of Western expansionism, explore the dynamics between the status quo and revisionism, and trace the evolution of the modern global order. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing case studies of Russia, China, and Türkiye to understand their respective approaches to world politics and shape it. Russia pursues a multi-polar world and employs revisionist policies inspired by its Soviet and Tsarist-era dominance, particularly through deterrence strategies in security, energy, nuclear plants. China proposes interconnectivity in world governance through dependency and network policies, most significantly exemplified by the economic policies through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and multi-billion projects as an economic power all over the world. Lastly, Türkiye, despite lacking economic and security power compared to China and Russia, leverages its historical influence from the Ottoman Empire, religious discourse in the Islamic world, Turkic identity in Central Asia and strong modernization process through the part of Western institutions such as NATO and EU accession process, employing diplomatic power as a key tool. Analyzing these cases separately and collectively is benefited from the grand strategy concept and comparative politics method. In summary, this research seeks to contribute to our understanding of the evolving dynamics of world politics in the 21st century. By conceptualization through the historical events, contemporary trends, and case studies of major powers, the study aims to shed light on the complex interplay between Western hegemony and emerging powers for world order.

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