New Security Paradigm, The Relevance of Hybrid Warfare: The Cases of Türkiye and Venezuela

The following paper addresses the phenomenon of hybrid warfare as the combination of conventional and non-conventional elements to undermine States, generate and lead to situations of social crisis, polarisation and political instability. In light of the coup d’état in Venezuela (2012) and the attempted coup d’état in Türkiye (2016), an in-depth description of the events, the intervening actors, their narratives and their interests through the strategic management of the media and social networks is carried out. The results indicate that both cases cannot be analysed only as coups d’état but as examples of hybrid warfare in their conceptualization and theorization. Finally, Türkiye’s and Venezuela’s domestic and foreign policy initiatives to mitigate the impacts of hybrid warfare are examined. A priori, regional integration plays a key role in strengthening states in the face of the emerging threats posed by this phenomenon.

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